DO WE NEED AND, IF SO, WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES FOR A CURRICULUM AND Essay

DO WE NEED AND, IF SO, WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES FOR A CURRICULUM AND PEDAGOGY FOR LIFELONG LEARNING - Essay Example ive advantage over their competitors, just as it means that national economies must spur lifelong learning if they are to become, or remain, competitive; as regards the sociological front, greater social diversity and changing demographics, as in increasingly older and more ethnically and racially diverse populations, has determined the imperatives of lifelong learning as a strategy for older adults to acquire the knowledge deemed requisite for working and competing within the said environment. In other words, the importance of lifelong learning emanates from both the aforementioned changes and the mercurial, ever-changing, nature of global and national economies. There is no doubt that lifelong learning, due to the reasons mentioned in the preceding, is a critical imperative. The question is whether this means that the development of a curriculum for lifelong learning is necessary. As this research will argue, traditional curricular models cannot be applied to lifelong learning as these only embrace formal learning which usually unfolds within a classroom setting. In direct comparison, lifelong learning embraces all of formal and informal types of learning and may be defined as a continuous process of learning, autonomous and directed, formal and informal, theoretical and practical. Following a review of the implications of lifelong learning and a clarification of the meaning and structure of curriculum, this research will argue that while lifelong learning does not need a curriculum, it does need a model. As broadly defined by Knowles (1980, p.25), adult education is â€Å"a set of organized activities carried on by a wide variety of institutions for the accomplishment of specific educational objectives,† and Rachal (as cited in Merriam & Brockett, 1997) described the workplace as â€Å"a major force in the changing nature of adult education† (p. 151). Darkenwald and Merriam (1982, p. 9) defined adult education as â€Å"systematic and sustained learning

Discuss the causes of desertification Essay Example for Free

Discuss the causes of desertification Essay Desertification, term applied to land degradation in dry lands resulting mainly from adverse human impact. Land in these terms includes soil and local water resources, the land surface and vegetation or crops, while degradation implies a reduction of resource potential. Desertification has subsequently been recognized as one of a series of processes that affect dry lands all over the world. These processes include water erosion and wind erosion, as well as sedimentation by those agents, long-term reduction in the amount or diversity of natural vegetation, and salinization and sodication. Desertification was arguably the first environmental issue to be recognized as taking place on a global scale, a recognition that was formalized at the United Nations (UN) Conference on Desertification, held in Nairobi in 1977. CAUSES OVER GRAZING So-called overgrazing is a result of too much livestock being kept on a given area of pasture resulting in the loss of edible species and the consequent encouragement of inedible species. If excessive grazing pressure continues, the loss of vegetation cover can result in soil erosion. OVER CULTIVATION Other commonly quoted ways in which human mismanagement causes desertification include over cultivation, in which soil is exhausted by nutrient loss and erosion, the excessive clearance of vegetation, often for fuel wood, and poor management of irrigation schemes which results in salinization of soils. Over cultivation occurs due to the shortening of periods when the land is left free from cultivation (fallow), or from the use of mechanical techniques, which cause widespread loss of soil. A classic case of over cultivation leading to large-scale wind erosion of soils occurred in the infamous Dust Bowl of the Great Plains of the United States in the 1930s. DEFORESTATION Forest and woodland is cleared for a variety of motives, to create agricultural and pasture land for example, but the most serious cause of desertification in this respect is the so-called fuel wood crisis which is characteristic of many dry lands in the developing world. The collection of fuel wood from urban hinterlands in the Sahel, the most severely affected region, has resulted in the almost total loss of trees around major cities. Examples include Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Dakar (Senegal), while the radius of the treeless zone around Khartoum in Sudan is 90 km (56 mi). SALINIZATION Salinization is one of the clearest examples of human-induced desertification, affecting about one-fifth of all irrigated cropland in Australia and the United States, and one-third in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan, and Syria. The proportion is one-half in Iraq. Excessive concentrations of salts in irrigated soils adversely affect crop yields and can ultimately kill plants. SAHEL Sahel a region in western Africa, forming a transition zone between the arid Sahara on the north and the wetter tropical areas to the south. The Sahel runs from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east. A relatively sparse savannah vegetation of grasses and shrubs predominates. Rainfall averages between 102 and 203 mm (4 and 8 in) a year and falls mostly from June to September; periods of low rainfall and drought are common, however. An extended drought in the Sahel, lasting from the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the worst in 150 years, suggested an increasingly arid regional climate and increased desertification, bringing the Sahara further south. EFFECTS Desertification reduces the ability of land to support life, affecting wild species, domestic animals, agricultural crops and people. The reduction in plant cover that accompanies desertification leads to accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. South Africa losing approximately 300-400 million tonnes of topsoil every year. As vegetation cover and soil layer are reduced, rain drop impact and run-off increases. Water is lost off the land instead of soaking into the soil to provide moisture for plants. Even long-lived plants that would normally survive droughts die. A reduction in plant cover also results in a reduction in the quantity of humus and plant nutrients in the soil, and plant production drops further. As protective plant cover disappears, floods become more frequent and more severe. Desertification is self-reinforcing, i. e. once the process has started, conditions are set for continual deterioration. STEPS TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION Many organizations have been formed to try and combat desertification. One project is the Eden Project, by the Eden Foundation. The Eden Foundation has a field station loca ted in Niger (North Western Africa), which is researching different ways of revegetating land. Two ways The Eden Foundation has found of revegetating land are direct seeding and natural revegetation. Desertification is becoming a problem that is drawing a lot of attention. One of the larger responses to it seems to be the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), which has been joined by many countries. Although it is extremely lengthy in description, it is very vague and general.

Yank as a Modern Day Oedipus in O Neills Play, The Hairy Ape Essay

Yank as a Modern Day Oedipus in O' Neill's Play, The Hairy Ape The representation of tragedy today has adapted itself to more humanistic, base and symbolic concerns. Often, they are commentaries on society just as much as they are on the nature of man. Although O' Neill insists that his play "The Hairy Ape" is not a tragedy, but rather a dark comedy, the play follows the definition of a tragedy. The basic points that make up a tragedy still remain the same, even if they have to be slightly modified to be relevant to today's audience. Despite this, The Hairy Ape bears a striking resemblance to the quintessential Greek tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The only direct challenge to the Aristotelian definition of tragedy is the portrayal of the tragic hero as not only not being a "noble" in the traditional sense, but usually as a working class, common man. Arthur Miller discusses this belief in his essay "Tragedy and the Common Man". In it, he insists that "we never hesitate to attribute to the well placed and the exalted the very same mental processes as the lowly" and "if the exaltation of tragic action were truly the property of the high bred character alone, it is inconceivable that the mass of mankind should cherish tragedy above all other forms, let alone be capable of understanding it"(Miller 1162). According to Aristotle, a tragedy concerns a person of noble stature. In the modern sense, as explained by Miller, "noble" does not necessarily mean royalty or upper class, merely that the tragic protagonist "is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing - his sense of personal dignity"(1162). Yank is willing to do this. His sense of justice is primitive in that he is not concerned with the consequences of his reve... ... leads him back to the realization that he was the criminal that he had been pursuing. Works Cited and Consulted Carpenter, Frederic I. Eugene O’Neill. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964. Clark, Marden J. â€Å"Tragic Effect in The Hairy Ape.† Modern Drama 10 1968 Egri, Peter. â€Å"'Belonging' Lost: Alienation and Dramatic Form in Eugene O’Neill’s The Hairy Ape† in Critical Essays on Eugene O’Neill. James J. Martine, ed. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1984. Miller, Arthur. "Tragedy and the Common Man." Weales, Gerald, ed. Death of a Salesman: Text and Criticism. New York: Penguin Books 1996 O’Neill, Eugene. â€Å"The Hairy Ape† in Four Plays by Eugene O’Neill. New York: Signet Classic, 1998. Vernant, J.-P. â€Å"Tensions and Ambiguities in Greek Tragedy.† In J.-P. Vernant and P. Vidal-Naquet, eds., Tragedy and Myth in Ancient Greece. Sussex, N. J. 1981.

Technology and Education Essay -- Technological Essays

Technology and Education The idea of integrating technology (like computers in every classroom and an overhead projector that is connected to the teachers computer) into education is a relatively new idea, and when I first started researching the topic I tried to look for the adverse effects of technology and education. Through my research I have decided that integrating technology into the classroom is indeed a good idea. Even though some teachers and students have a hard time working with the new technology many schools are starting to use, the adverse effects of technology do not compare with all the benefits of integrating technology into education. The Ameritech Electronic University School Classroom is a recently developed facility at Kent State University. The goal of this project is to give students in Kindergarten to 12th grade a chance to work with the latest technology (Drew par. 2). The classroom is equipped with 12 networked computers, a scanner, a printer, videoconferencing cameras connected to several computers, digital still-frame cameras, camcorders, and a VCR (Drew par.2). The goal of this project is to see what advantages or disadvantages would surface from having students work in a technologically advanced setting. The researchers who were conducting this experiment would observe and tape the classroom dynamics. The first major success of this program was that both the students and the teachers felt comfortable using the hardware and software by the end of the allotted time. At first the teachers indicated that they were somewhat ill-prepared to work in the Ameritech classroom but by the end of the semester they all indicated they were vary deft in working with the programs. The teachers also n... ...nology are also ways that we are glorifying God; because every smidgen of knowledge that we gain, no matter how the knowledge is delivered, helps us understand the glory of our Lord. Works Cited Drees, William B. ""Playing God? Yes!" Religion in the Light of Technology." Zygon volume 37 number 3 September 2002. November 30, 2002 <http://www.firstsearch.com>. Tiene, C. Drew and Pamela Luft. "Classroom Dynamics in a Technology-Rich Learning Environment." Learning and Leading with Technology. version 29 number 4 December 2001/January 2002. October 16, 2002 <http://www.firstsearch.com>. Morgan, Konrad and Madeleine Morgan and John Hall. "Psychological Developments in High Technology Teaching and Learning Environments." British Journal of Educational Technology. version 31 number 1 January 2000. November 30, 2002 <http://www.firstsearch.com>.

Reasons behind Self Induced Harm in Cases of Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is considered as an eating disorder which is usually mentioned together with anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorders; this so due to the fact that all three pertain to abnormalities in the eating patterns or tendencies of an individual which cause considerable risk (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2005). An eating disorder may not sound alarming, but in fact, severe disregard on over overall health may lead to dire consequences, especially in the case of bulimia.In addition, not only can malnutrition be caused by such a disorder, but cardiovascular and deadly complications may also arise (APA, 2005). Not only is bulimia referred to as a type of eating disorder, but it is also considered to be a severe mental health issue characterized by frequent events of binge eating and subsequent purging (Cooper, Todd, & Wells, 2009). This means that a massive amount of food is consumed by the individual with bulimia, and afterwards the food taken is expelled through v arious means of purging.Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and misuse of diuretics are considered to be the three main categories of how an individual achieves purging (Mehler, 2003). Due to such actions, the condition of the body would be in a state of severe imbalance, hence causing various symptoms or different levels of severity. The symptoms of bulimia are the occurrence of a continuous case of sore throat, inflamed salivary glands, puffy cheeks, deterioration of the teeth, gastroesophageal reflux disorder, intestinal disorder, kidney disorder, and severe body dehydration (APA, 2005).Bulimia can be differentiated from anorexia and binge eating on the basis of how eating is perceived and reacted upon by the individual, thus having different sets of symptoms. Unlike individuals with anorexia who avoid eating at all costs, bulimics eat a lot of food which is taken out afterwards; its difference to basic binge eating disorder is that instead of purging, individuals with bi nge eating disorder simply reach a state of regret afterwards (Grange & Lock, 2007).It is evident that a person that suffers from bulimia does significant physical harm to their bodies. Also, one must also take into account that individuals with bulimia are also commonly diagnosed with other psychiatric conditions including cases of current and long standing psychiatric disorders; these disorders may include depression, dissociative identity disorder, substance abuse disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and borderline personality disorder (Cooper et al. , 2009).The reason as to why they commit such acts of binge eating and purging, which does not only wear down and considerably weaken the body but also initiates fatal risks and complications, must therefore be identified. Based on statistics, out of 100,000 individuals, 26. 5 females and 0. 8 males are bulimics (Treasure, Schmidt, & Furth, 2003). The presence of such effects and sym ptoms upon an individual with bulimia makes it crucial for people to understand the core reasons so as to be able to identify peers who are currently suffering or at risk from the disorder and to provide proper aid in recovery and treatment as well.The fact that the actions done by bulimics are fueled by social, psychological, and emotional factors, especially their personal appraisal and their concept of ideal physical form, is rather becoming the common perception (Treasure et al. , 2003). However, current trends in studies also suggest genetically based explanations to eating disorders (Grice et al. , 2002). Developments in genetics and biological studies have allowed the possibility of bulimia as being directed by more than the social and behavioral factors, contrary to what was previously thought of.Given the extent of problems and risks as presented, awareness towards the details regarding bulimia nervosa is definitely beneficial. In relation to this, information regarding the causative agents as to why individuals with bulimia commit such harm towards themselves must be established. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa cause harm towards their own bodies. Methods In order to gather sufficient information regarding bulimia nervosa, a preliminary search for basic information from the internet was done. By browsing credible medical websites such as womenshealth.gov, medicinenet. com, mentalhealth. com, and nlm. nih. gov also known as Medline plus, basic familiarization with the disease or disorder was established. It must be understood, however, that this step was merely done in order to learn the basic terms and facts regarding bulimia. It was decided that a brochure on eating disorders from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is to be utilized as a source since the association is credible and the information is well-presented. Afterwards, a search for online journals related to bulimia nervosa was conducted in several medical, genetic, and psychiatric sites.Related journals were acquired from the databases of American Journal of Genetics (AJG), Archives of General Psychiatry (AGP), and the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Books on bulimia nervosa and eating disorders were provided by several peers. Examples of such books, which are generally recent releases and therefore provide updated information, are Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating: An Integrative Metacognitive and Cognitive Therapy Manual by Cooper, Todd and Wells (2009), and Treating Bulimia in Adolescents: A Family Based Approach by Grange and Lock (2007). DiscussionBulimia nervosa is considered to be caused by interconnected aspects, including those of psychosocial and biological origins (Treasure et al. , 2003). Thus, it is possible to assess the probable reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa resort into committing harm towards their own bodies. In this sense, insig hts into the reasons can be efficiently acquired through the review of factors based on psychosocial and biological sources in a separate manner. Problems during early periods of the life of an individual may cause an individual to develop bulimia later on in life.Concerns regarding weight and appearance may develop early during childhood (Keel, 2006). An example of how early cases of problems in self-appraisal arise may be observed in the association between parents and children since these are the first sources of social interactions that an individual is commonly exposed to. When a child is taken good care of by his or her parents, he or she would come to perceive that he or she is rather important or precious; in the opposite sense, a child that is neglected tends to think that he or she is unwanted for several reasons (Treasure et al. , 2003).In this sense, the child might be led to think that something about his or her physical characteristics is undesirable. Furthermore, teas ing and possible mistreatment from the peers of a child regarding his or her appearance, especially their weight, may become imprinted in their thoughts as they age and develop. Thus, early on, a child may possibly develop a desire to lose weight and improve appearance (Treasure et al. , 2003). The point of displeasure towards the current state of appearance is commonly further established during adolescence as this is the phase wherein attraction between genders become apparent.It is also during adolescence that the actions are more controlled by the individual rather than by parents or authoritative figures; adolescents become aware of their capacity to question and to refuse to follow such figures. However, due to the fact that they are still not that knowledgeable, they are considerably prone to mistakes. If an adolescent develops a problem such as bulimia nervosa, it has been connected with increased risks of developing physical as well as mental disorders upon entering early a dulthood (Johnson et al., 2002). In addition, findings of a study done in 2003 reveal that the incidence of bulimia nervosa on adolescents increases as years pass; the main reason as to why teenagers choose to commit actions of risk-related behavior is their heavy focus and attention on physical appearance including weight (Forman, 2005). As a side note, adult incidences of the disorder are very much similar to the adolescent incidences in terms of risk factors, symptoms, and development (Cooper et al. , 2009).All of this information point towards the validation of interplay between psychosocial factors as a potential cause of bulimia nervosa. As a result, it becomes evident that a major reason as to why people with bulimia nervosa harm themselves is to maintain a good physical image, possibly in order to prevent potential negative judgment from other people and to portray a positive public appraisal based on appearance. For those with bulimia nervosa, keeping the ideal physical ima ge is vital and certainly of utmost importance, even more than their own welfare in the long run.In relation to this, the concept of keeping an ideal image may be directed by culture, personal cognitive tendencies, and/or derived from stressful events (Treasure et al. , 2003). Having defined the main reason behind the harm caused by individuals towards themselves based upon psychosocial factors, it is now important to assess the biologically based reasons behind it. As with numerous diseases and disorders, there is a current trend of discovering or determining the genetic triggers which initiate the onset of such problems.As mentioned, current research has revealed that there is a genetic or biological basis in the occurrence of bulimia nervosa (APA, 2005). In areas of medicine and genetics, a complex disease is one that is considered to involve the interaction of gene-based and environmental factors. Thus, such diseases cannot be passed on simply from parent to offspring; however, the tendency to develop susceptibility can be passed on and can be induced by mutations (Treasure et al. , 2003). In this sense, a person that is susceptible to develop bulimia nervosa is depicted to have genes or alleles that allow such susceptibility.Alone, a susceptibility gene cannot cause the development of the disease, but upon the addition of additional susceptibility genes, the interaction between the collection of genes leads to disease development (Treasure et al. , 2003). In fact, a study was conducted in order to assess the specific sets of chromosomes that confer bulimia. In the said study, it was mentioned that a portion of bulimia nervosa cases does indeed have a familial bearing, suggesting that its incidence in families with members that has bulimia is observed to be rather connected in terms of successive or prior cases of bulimia in the family (Cynthia et al., 2003). Given this, the researchers opted to analyze a significantly large sample wherein genetic data was collected and analyzed in order to determine where the susceptibility gene of bulimia is located. Exactly 308 families were used as sample, wherein a linkage analysis of the families regarding heritable genetic characteristics of bulimia, such as vomiting, was conducted. The results of the study from linkage analysis have shown that a dominant linkage results was observed between D10S1430 and D10S1423, implying that the effects of chromosome 10p in families with bulimia are the common denominator (Cynthia et al., 2003). With such proof of genetic basis in developing bulimia, especially since it was proven to be heritable, it becomes evident that there is indeed a biological basis in the presence of the disorder. In this sense, an individual may cause harm to themselves due to genetic interaction between susceptibility genes which confer bulimia and its symptoms, for example when genes that code for self-induced vomiting are activated, the individual will tend to induce vomiting upo n him or herself.Since bulimia can be considered as rather hereditary, environmental implications of affected families may also cause other members with sufficient susceptibility genes to develop bulimia. In this sense, there are mainly two identified reasons behind the harm those individuals with bulimia cause upon themselves. The first reason is in order to maintain a desired physical appearance of weight as dictated by personal, cognitive, stress, or cultural factors.The second reason is that the activation of certain genes, especially those in chromosome 10p, may cause the development of symptoms related to bulimia, which in turn may cause the development of the overall disorder. These results are not surprising due to the fact that it has long been a common thought that bulimia has psychosocial roots. Also, regarding the development of a genetically based causative agent to bulimia, it is a trend today, with the vast development in genetics, that certain diseases may be trigger ed by genetic factors.However, as mentioned, pointing out these reasons directly is rather beneficial so that individuals will become aware of the possible causes of developing bulimia and continuous suffering due to the disorder. In effect, individuals can practically assess cases where bulimia can already be detected and also provide preventive support to individuals which may have a higher risk of developing the disorder. In terms of future implications and significance of such results, these data can provide further insight and proof that bulimia nervosa, resulting in self-induced harm, is not only triggered by psychosocial factors but genetic factors as well.Hence, further research may make use of the data presented in order to provide further information regarding the specific areas under psychosocial factors and/or genetic factors. Conclusion The research yielded information regarding the causative agents of self induced harm in individuals with bulimia nervosa. It has been d etermined that the causes of self-induced harm can be divided into categories: psychosocial and genetic. In terms of psychosocial, it has been assessed that the roots of the problem may start young, possibly during infancy or childhood.The development into adolescence also further increases the risk of individuals to develop bulimia as the focus towards appearance is increased. Due to various factors such as negative peer judgment and inappropriate self-concept based on behavior, cognitive, cultural, and stress-related aspects, a person may choose to maintain optimum appearance and weight as he or she may see fit through self-induced vomiting which is a form of self-induced harm.In terms of the genetic factors, it has been assessed that the symptoms of bulimia nervosa is rather heritable; hence, the occurrence of the disorder has a familial basis. Specific effects of numerous susceptibility genes, which are generally connected to chromosome 10p, provide the genetic basis of the deve lopment of the problems associated with bulimia. In addition, it was also mentioned that self-induced harm such as purging is activated by specific genetic elements.Therefore, the aim of the research to list the reasons behind self-induced harm in cases of bulimia has been completely fulfilled due to the fact that the two main reasons for self-induced harm was enumerated, one being a desire for maintaining or developing an ideal appearance and weight-based on varying criteria and the other being the interaction of genetic elements which, when triggered, can lead to the symptoms such as induced vomiting which is considered to be self-induced harm. ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2006, November). Let’s Talk Facts About Eating Disorders. [Borchure]. Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://www. healthyminds. org/factsheets/LTF-EatingDisorders. pdf. Cooper, M. , Todd, G. , & Wells, A. (2009). Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating: An Integrative Metacognitive and Cognitive Therapy Manual. New York: Routledge. Cynthia, M. B. , Delvin, B. , Bacanu, S. , Thornton, L. , Klump, K. L. , Fichter, M.M. et al. (2003). Significant linkage in chromosome 10p in families with bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (1), 200–207. Forman, S. F. (2005). [Review of the book Clinical Handbook of Eating Disorders – An Integrated Approach]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352 (6), 636. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/352/6/636. pdf. Grange, D. L. & Lock, J. (2007). Treating Bulimia in Adolescents: A Family Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.Grice, D. E. , Halmi, K. A. , Fichter, M. M. , Strober, M. Woodside, D. B. , Treasure, J. T. et al. (2002). Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 787–792. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www. pubmedcentral. n ih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=384957&blobtype=pdf. Johnson, J. G. , Cohen, P. , Kasen, S. , Brook, J. S. (2002). Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood.Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 545 – 552. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://archpsyc. ama-assn. org/cgi/reprint/59/6/545. pdf. Keel, P. K. (2006). Eating Disorders. New York: Infobase Publishing. Mehler, P. S. (2003). Clinical practice: Bulimia nervosa. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349 (9), 875–882. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/349/9/875. pdf. Treasure, J. , Schmidt, U. , & Furth, E. V. (2003). Handbook of Eating Disorders 2nd Edition. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This essay is about the story A School for Scandal, it looks at some of the main characters the events of the story deciding if it is a comedy and who is responsible for said comedy.

This essay is about the story A School for Scandal, it looks at some of the main characters the events of the story deciding if it is a comedy and who is responsible for said comedy. Is Scandal a Comedy of Situation or a Comedy of Character?School, though containing hilarious characters like Crabtree and Sir Backbite, creates more of its comedy through the use of hilarious events and inventive twists of preconceived notions. The most remarkable of the play's jokes, the scene wherein a hiding Lady Teazle is exposed from behind a screen, speaks volumes as to the type of comedy School is. Using characters that often aren't very funny demonstrates the writer's confidence in the capability of the joke's setting and in its inevitability. In considering the type of comedy used to express the joke, one realizes that it was not the unique and amusing personality of the characters involved but rather the situation of the scene that ensured an effective punch line.The play's sudden and innovative disillusionment of the supposedly impossible May/December marriage offers the reader a better appreciation for the necessity of exact circumstances to the telling of School's jokes .School Bus Rear LightsAs previously noted, the fact that Lady Teazle and Sir Peter aren't independently funny doesn't damage the efficacy of the humorous realization made in the wake of their separation that they actually do love one another. In this case, the characters involved seem to take a backseat to the setting of the joke and its impetuous nature; School is a comedy of situation. As much as the temperaments of the play's characters lend to the success of its attempt at humour, it is predominantly the droll circumstances and the background of the jokes that make them funny.

Cola Wars paper

Cola Wars paper Cola Wars paper Coke and Pepsi – Cola Wars A1) Porter’s five forces analysis of why this industry has been profitable: Threat of new entry – Extremely low There are many different barriers to new entry in the CSD industry. Some of them mentioned in the case are: Bottlers – Pepsi and Coke have exclusive franchisee agreements with a lot of bottlers since they are a crucial step in the chain. The exclusivity of these restricts the bottlers from working with anyone else so newcomers would be at an extreme disadvantage having to do this in-house. Bottling is the most expensive part of the chain so this would increase the cost to entry since the firms would need a very large capital investment to start off with. New plants with a 40 million-case bottling capacity costs $75 million in 2005. The acquisition, consolidation and tight integration of the bottlers with the concentrate producers, results in very few bottlers who would want to work with any newcomer to provide distribution. The geographic area rights in perpetuity, provided in the negotiated agreements, incentivize the bottlers to stick with their current clients. Brand Loyalty: Coke and Pepsi have a large amount of Brand equity, which seems insurmountable to the competition, especially if just entering the market. Expenditure on Advertising and Marketing: The new entrants cannot even begin to compete based on the high costs of advertising and marketing, which are borne primarily by the concentrate producers. In 2004 these would have been almost $3.46 billion (0.51 per case * 6.8 billion cases). Price undercutting, a strategy frequently employed by Pepsi and Coke, would drive out new entrants as they would be squeezed on their margins constantly and would not have the advantage of economies of scale in the beginning. Retail Channel: Entrenched relationships with Coke, Pepsi and Cadbury Schweppes are hard to compete against as a new entrant. The channel members are heavily incentivized at the cost of profitability of the concentrate producers in some cases (Coke and Burger king, Page 4); a move that a new entrant can just not afford. Together the big players have taken control of buying, installing and servicing vending machines as well as developing vending technology. Buyers – Can exert power and discriminate but managed through partnerships The buyers are the channel members and include Supermarkets, fountain outlets, vending machines, mass merchandisers (Super centers, mass retailers, club stores), convenience stores, gas stations and other outlets. Their power to exert downward pressure on prices depends on their share of industry volume (relative to other buyers) and their cost of switching to another brand. Coke and Pepsi have been able to consistently maintain profitability by testing price sensitivities with expanding products, innovating to drive impulse purchases and target different segments using separate retail channels. A big reason behind this profitability is also the partnerships and ongoing investments concentrate producers and bottlers have maintained with the retail channel to distribute CSDs. Supermarkets: CSDs are a big draw to the supermarkets and annual sales reached $12.4 billion in 2004. Since they result in the highest volume of distribution, the existing duopoly fights very hard for shelf space, which is at a premium. Impulse purchases and expanding product lines keep profitability consistent. Fountain outlets: Many existing producers are already incentivizing fountain outlets to carry their product (like Coke to burger king) despite a hit on their profitability. The expectation is that over time this may lead to high profits due to consistent recurring sales. Vending machines: The bottlers have taken over the buying, installing and servicing of machines while incentivizing store owners with negotiated contracts. Concentrate producers encourage this investment and also play a role in the development of vending technologies. Mass merchandisers: An

Social Categorization and Social Construction theory

Social Categorization and Social Construction theory Free Online Research Papers It is through social interactions that have put people to act and react implication to others. Due to the social interactions we learn what is acceptable and what is not. Over time these rules become internalised within us and eventually become an unconscious part of our lives and our identity. Social identity theory asserts that group membership creates in group self-categorisation and enhancement in ways that favour the in group at the expense of the out-group and associating with a group even under minimal circumstances is enough to create in group out-group hostility. I will explore the effects of the contact theory or intergroup behaviour. It is also the aim of this essay to explain what is meant by the term social construction and social categorisation and how these two theories have further to our understanding of identity. Social categorisation is viewed as a perception cognition or behaviour that is influenced by peoples recognition that day and other are members of distinct social groups. Relations between social groups can have far reaching and persuasive effects on the behaviour of member of these groups, effects that go well and beyond situations of face-to-face intergroup encounters. Social construction his used to describe how we as humans understand how the world is conscripted in and through social relations there are many different ways of understanding the same issue, rather than they had been an objective reality. Our behaviour is regulated by guidelines, which make everyday life predictable and understandable causing us to behave in a certain way the way that is seen as the norm. Housework provides a good example of the social construction being seen as the norm in Western societies many people thought that it was natural for women to be whipped rather than men to do all the housework. (Phoenix, 2002). It seemed natural because that was what usually happened and continued for as long as people remembered. The next sample of a construction was taken from natural because it had been the excepted pattern for a long time it wasnt until the feminist viewpoint argued for equality for women, that the idea was that it is not natural for women to do all the housework that another construction developed. Tajfel devised an intriguing paradigm to exploring the effects of intergroup behaviour using minimal effects (Tajfel, 1982). Two random groups of children were made, but allegedly on the basis of their express preference for paintings by two different artists. The children only knew the group table in with the identity of out-group and fellow in group members concealed. The result showed the children strongly favoured their own group they adopted the in group favouritism strategy despite such minimal effects and how this was created on the basis of a flimsy criteria. The robust finding from hundreds of minimal group experiments conducted is that the mere fact of being categorised as the group members seems to be necessary to produce ethnocentrism and competitive intra group behaviour. Social identity phenomena are motivated by two underlying processes self enhancement and uncertainty reduction. One of the key premises of the social identity approach is that group stand in status and pressed each relation to one another some groups are simply more prestigious and higher status than other. Jane Elliott, made a short movie called the eye of the storm, of a classroom demonstration in which he divided her class of very young children into those with blue and those with brown eyes. For one day the brown eyes, and then for one day the blue eyes were assigned inferior status, hence they were ridiculed, denied privileges. In a follow-up study of the students when they were 18, Elliot found that they reported themselves as being more tolerant of differences between groups and actively opposed to prejudice. Wright (1997) and his colleagues suggested that intergroup friendship between others if my friend John has close out group of friends then maybe the out-group isnt quite as bad as I thought. When people are separated they are likely to experienced hostility, resulting in failure to understand the reason for their actions. Lack of contact means theres no way of checking out interpretations of others. Bringing people into contact with each other should make them seem more familiar, and at least offer the possibility that negative cycle can be interrupted and even reversed. We have seen that by just allocating individuals to groups can create prejudice for and against individuals. Prejudice allow self-esteem to be enhanced by belonging to the positive group, creating hostility to others seen as inferior, for no reason other than that individuals are allocated social categories. Individuals also advocate themselves to a groups of higher social standing using social mobility e.g. through promotion in employment, leaving behind what was seen as being inferior. In social construction, language is a powerful tool, used to justify particular perspective, an example of the unused is that of (Potter and Wetherell,1987) which illustrates this whether we call someone a freedom fighter or a terrorist, the two terms can refer to the same person in each constructs a different way of viewing that person and the world. Social construction is an idea which may appear to be natural and obvious to those who accept it, but in reality it is an invention of a particular culture or society. The social constructionist approach allows us to change our identity throughout our lives, as Gergen’s did when he was forced to eventually to use a computer instead of a pen. As we have seen social constructionist is concerned with how we use categories to structure our experience of the world they believe that the way we understand the world are not natural, but are constructed between people in everyday social interactions, that identity is fluid and changing from one social situation to another. Social constructionist Kiwis reject the notion that people have one core identity that is the centre of who they are. Instead they suggest that people have many different identities, and that these are de-centred because they always operative in relation to other identities. We have seen that identities are not fixed, but are fluid, complex and diverse. There is the interrelationship between the social and personal identities which are constantly contradicting and competing, opening up opportunities for diversity. Individuals to have multiple identities which can do change throughout their life. People can often categorise themselves into different groups, they can choose to adopt their identities to the group they want to belong. People are constantly changing and adopting new identities to suit themselves, adapting and enhancing their self-esteem, which makes us uniquely human and different from other animals. Evidence has shown that contact and education causes people to recognise that they are in face a great deal more similar than they had initially thought which helps us better understand intergroup behaviours and ways of resolving a negative prototype perception of the out-group. Final word count – 1065 References. * Open University Part two Scenario 1 Question 1 This study is not consistent with the guidelines. Whenever varies possible consent of the child has to be obtained. Parents’ consent is required for disclosure of confidential information, and in this case the investigator must receive approval from ethics committee. Special safeguarding procedures are required with children. In United Kingdom a researcher requires a CRB. Children should be given as much opportunity is possible to be explained the nature, purpose and anticipated of taking part, and also be made aware of right to withdraw. Consent is to be asked throughout experiment not just in the beginning, children should feel comfortable. It is advised to refrain from research based upon observation of public behaviour to those situations in which persons being studied might expect to be it cant be said that children would think they would be as they are young. Question 2 In studying childrens play behaviour, it would be wise to contact a local preschool teacher and get consent approval not only from the teacher but also the parents and children, as well approval from ethics committee. Importantly a CRB would be required. After consent has been granted, and all parties have been briefed and given the okay to video record and observe the research would be carried out on a daily basis recording the children in their natural environment over a period of time. On a regular basis right to withdraw would be reminded, and an assurance that everybody is comfortable. The children would be recorded throughout the day whilst they are engaging in playtime to see how they interact with one another. In this environment if anything gets out of hand, the teacher is present and therefore the investigator does not need to get involved, or refrain from resulting in putting anybody in danger. Scenario 2 Question 1 She could have asked the group of people for their consent to participate in the experiment. Make them aware of the nature, purpose and anticipation and their right to withdraw. Keep an adequate record of when, and how and from whom consent was obtained. Ask if they wish to disclose their identity or remain anonymous. She should ask for permission to record the participants. Verify they are competent and are not under the age of 16 otherwise permission from a parent or guardian may be required. Question 2 The researcher might have to be careful if the participant has asked to remain anonymous and be careful whilst quoting as it may threaten to reveal their identity. Another reason might be that the participant never gave consent to be recorded and or quoted which is against the ethics as consent is required, or participant may have withdrawn therefore evidence needs to be destroyed. Question 3 The researcher could make a semi structured interview, and that includes eating disorder questions and other topics to prevent realisation. In this form they can try to find young students who would be willing to participate, and be told their opinion is required on various topics. They would be asked permission for audio recording, and quoting, also debriefed and told of their right to withdraw, and whether or not they like to remain anonymous. Perhaps once the data has been compiled they can be told of the full intentions of the experiment, as the specifics of finding opinions towards eating disorders, and then to be again asked whether or not they would like to withdraw, if they do so the data has to be destroyed. Scenario 3 Question 1 The most relevant is the ethical principle respect, because in this section it asked to respect cultural, religious, and race therefore that relates to the experiment as it is based on religious identity. It is an opinionated questionnaire and this ethics principal asked to respect participant’s knowledge, insight, experience and expertise. As this experiment will be recorded this principle also states that the proper procedure in regards with audio recording, and in regards with consent, right to withdraw. The participant isnt clearly told that opinion is only needed on subject rather than a number of, this section states that withholding information from clients is only exceptional to preserve the integrity of research, and this was the case it was to reduce sociably desirable responses. Question 2 I would rather gather a random group of young teens and inform them that their valuable opinion is required regarding several topics. They would be debriefed with the experiment, asked whether or not they wish to withhold their identity, consent would be needed regarding audio recording and quoting participants. Their rights to withdraw would also be made clear. They would be reassured this is not a test. Question 3 I would fully provide my intentions behind the experiment, that it was a focus topic I was researching on. I would give this additional information because I would have gotten answers from the participant without a cofounding variable, then knowing the intentions behind it, and to avoid any further deception I would make my intentions known, and gives them the right to withdraw if they wish, and if they do so I would then destroy any gathered data including audio recordings. Research Papers on Social Categorization and Social Construction theoryEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth HorsemanResearch Process Part One

Credit crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Credit crunch - Essay Example At this point, credit rationing takes place. In most times, a credit crunch is followed by a shift to quality by the lenders and owners of capital as they look out for investments which are less risky normally at the expense of the medium and small sized enterprises (Hull 2). The credit crunch has had an influence on small and medium sized business in various adverse ways. Despite its significant and largely powerful impact, the credit crunch might not be the sole reason for the inadequate success of some selected small and medium sized business enterprises. The growth of the credit crisis will also be taken into consideration as it is crucial in evaluating the way and the manner in which it has influenced the small and medium sized businesses in the dimension it has. As the credit crunch is a very much late feature in the current economy, its growth is frequently varying. Nevertheless, its growth since its inception in the global perspective has been put into consideration. The world economic crunch which started in 2007 was perhaps the most phenomenon shock to ever affect the economy of the United Kingdom to be ever remembered. Ever since the onset of this predicament, so much has taken place that might initially have been assumed to be impossible: The implicit nationalization of two of the largest banks in UK, a state deficit which came in double digits, a depressing grading on the AAA credit rating of the UK, a decline in Bank of England’s base rate which went down to 150 basic points lower than its previous all time low and a programme quantitative easing of  £ 200,000 (Heine 27). These phenomenon occurrences have called for essential reforms of the conventional evaluation of the UK economy. As it is a contemporary feature in the current economy it is frequently growing and thus regularly having an impact on all forms of business including small and medium sized enterprises. Small

Capital Punishment, A life and Death Issue Research Paper

Capital Punishment, A life and Death Issue - Research Paper Example Opponents also assert that the practice is overtly costly and racially biased while not realizing the intended outcome. Proponents think it is neither cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite, they think it fair and just. The objective of this study is to discuss the moral and legal concerns that literally are a life and death issue and is a key barometer when measuring a cultures collective conscience. The ‘eye for an eye’ faction not only accepts but insists that the death penalty be sustained and has supporting rational to back up their argument which will be covered comprehensively in this discussion. It will also take into account the opponents’ reasoning concerning why it should be eliminated along with the legal precedents concerned in an effort to achieve a comprehensive view of the capital punishment debate. Legal speaking, capital punishment is not unusual, by definition, unless one acknowledges the racial bias that exists throughout the justice system. The law cannot define whether it is cruel or not. Cruelty can be defined only by the collective social conscious of a society. The legal interpretation of the combined ‘cruel and unusual’ is open to debate, to some extent but the general usage of the word ‘cruel’ refers to vicious punishments that cause extreme pain. Most legal scholars agree that punishments that include body dismemberment or torture are unquestionably classified as cruel. The term torture was evidently open for debate during the past decade but the word means essentially the same universally; causing unwanted physical or mental anguish. The word ‘unusual’ is normally understood to mean going beyond what is an equitable application of punishment for an offense. For instance, if ten people were ticketed for a traffic violation and judge fined nine of them $150 but one was charged $1500, this punishment would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together in the phrase, †˜prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment’ signifies that the penalty should be apportioned equitably according to the specific offense committed. A ‘life’ prison sentence is an acceptable punishment but not if this punishment was imposed for jaywalking, that would be an obviously unacceptable sentence imposition because it is considered excessive and extreme given the nature of the offense. Excessive is a term that is also open to broad interpretation in both the legal and public realm. Some would contend, for example, that any amount of time imposed for ‘crimes’ such as the possession of drugs, prostitution and gambling should be interpreted as excessive consequently ‘unusual.’ The Supreme Court has on many occasions judged the merits of the death penalty and this action is interpreted as punishment which is cruel and unusual by the Constitution. The Court has consistently ruled the language of the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit t he death sentence as punishment. The Constitution was meant to be and is a malleable document, however. The judicial interpretation of the Eighth Amendment has evolved to some extent throughout the years. Therefore the Court could potentially reverse this standpoint at a future time as result of changing societal values. For instance, whipping convicted criminals was routine until the late Eighteenth Century. This practice is now considered to be inappropriate because society’s attitude changed to define it as a ‘cruel’ punishment. With respect to capital punishment, however, â€Å"

Research Method-The Problem of Online Shopping Essay

Research Method-The Problem of Online Shopping - Essay Example With online shopping, less time is spent in queues and travels, less money is used in traveling to the stores, chances for pilferage are abated and the geographical barriers between the consumer and the retailer are significantly attenuated. Nevertheless, it is a fact that any human construct is inherently flawed, its merits and many benefits notwithstanding. Online shopping having been contrived by man is not an exception. It is against this backdrop that some of the shortcomings of online shopping are to be discussed forthwith. Problem statement Serious problems accost online shopping, despite its many advantages. The need to tackle these problems is necessitated by the desire to make online shopping more efficient and more secure. The import of this is that it is only upon these problems being discussed, that online shopping can be made more secure, efficient and more user-friendly. There can never be the provision of a viable and sustainable solution without the identification an d discussion of co-occurring problems. The flipside of this is that the failure to discuss these problems is bound to leave online shoppers susceptible to security breaches and general and systems malfunctions. Background and rationale This study is sustained against the backdrop of online shopping’s popularity which continues to suffuse almost all trading blocks. At the moment, online trading or shopping is steadily growing, just as Shah (2012) points out that it has grown from 0.4% in the first quarter of 2012 to 3.9% in the third quarter of 2011. With this growing popularity, the need to strengthen online shopping against its pitfalls remains paramount. Likewise, there can be no strengthening of online shopping without the accurate identification of the loopholes that characterise online shopping. This means that the main intention of this study is not to merely discount online shopping on the account of its weakness. On the contrary, the necessity of this study is precipi tated by the need to ultimately seal the problems of online shopping by identifying the same problems first. Literature review According to a research study that Weiyin-Hong, James and Kar-Yan (2005) conducted and discussed in the Journal of Management Information Systems, the chief problem of online shopping is fraud and security concerns. Some of the problems that border on security matters include identity theft, preponderance of spyware and faulty products. Courtesy of the research study in the Journal of Management Information Systems, Weiyin-Hong, James and Kar-Yan (2005) established that the problem of insecurity is compounded by another sub-problem which is the inability to physically inspect online merchandise before the transaction. The same problem is further aggravated by the merchant’s inability to detect fraudulent purchases. Fraudulent purchases are made with stolen cards, or fraudulent circumventing systems that regulate online purchases. Conversely, clients h ave also had to contend with security shortfalls when participating in online shopping. One of the security breaches that online shoppers have to deal with is phishing. Phishing happens in an instance where online shoppers are duped into thinking that they are dealing with a genuine or reputable dealer. Thus, these online shoppers proceed to feed their private

Critically assess theories of Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Essay - 1

Critically assess theories of Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Based View in terms of their usefulness in explaining firm - Essay Example This is a theory that tries to explain why companies exist, why they outsource activities to the external environment, and why they expand.The theory argues that companies try to minimize the bureaucratic costs of exchanges within the company, and that companies try to minimize the cost of exchanging resources with the environment.In their operations, the companies therefore, analyse the bureaucratic costs of conducting in-house activities, and the costs of exchanging resources with the environment (Williamson, 2010; Boneta, Peris-Ortizb & Gil-Pechuanb, 2010; McIvor, 2009). The market and the institutions are considered different forms of coordinating, and organizing economic transactions. The firm makes a decision basing an analysis on this theory to find out an appropriate move; whether to outsource or use internal resources. If such an analysis reveals high external costs, the firm will not outsource since it will have determined that it has the capability to perform its operation s cheaply. This means the firm will grow. When the external costs are lower than the internal bureaucratic costs, it is advisable to outsource the activities to be performed in the market. Such acts lead to minimized transaction and bureaucratic costs. Using the internal bureaucratic means of operation when the cost is higher than the transaction costs in the market reduces the firm’s growth rate or intentions.... After creation of the competitive advantage, a firm is able to sustain it over longer periods of time. The firm will then be able to protect itself against resource transfer, imitation, or substitution (Revilla, Cordeiro & Sarkis, 2011; Flynn, Morita & Machuca, 2010). When firms in a specific industry are competing in a market, these respective firms must have some unique resources that improve performance more that other companies. This creates the competitive advantage of a firm. If for example a firm has a unique strategy of acquiring customers, it will beat the other firms in the market, and gain more market share. This will be its competitive advantage. Not all firms therefore, should have the same resources that give a certain firm a competitive advantage. Such a resource or resources must be difficult to duplicate or imitate through other means (Flynn, Morita & Machuca, 2010). Usefulness in Explaining Firms’ Internationalising Strategies The transaction cost economics t heory explains why firms exist, expand and outsource certain activities. Internationalising a strategy means using the same strategy internationally. A firm may have its headquarters in Atlanta, but has found ready market in various other states, and countries outside United States. If this firm analysed its strategies, and found out that using one type of strategy, or by using certain strategies, the transaction costs and the internal bureaucratic costs are minimized, it will continue to use the same strategies internationally. Specific strategies therefore, ensure a new firm exists in a region; a firm expands to certain regions and survives or outsources to survive in the market. Analysing this considering the Resource Based

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Essay Example All the models also aim at the value of national health policy to [provision of guidelines and direction for national health issues. Beveridge model emphasizes on the responsibility f the government in ownership and operation of healthcare. It also emphasizes that healthcare is a human right and should not be considered a privilege. The system encourages full access to healthcare despite the ability to pay for the services. The American model entails both the models as all the characters are observed in all the two models. The government is in charge of the healthcare similar to encouragement of private healthcare facilities. The reforms are those that are aimed at improving the healthcare that are given in the country. the reform has entailed bringing about new rights, benefits and protection that has included the that most healthcare that are on the grandparents covers preventive services that are from at least ten categories of essential health benefits. There are countries that have tried to implement the strategy and the type of system into their countries such that there is increased provision of health care to those in the country. A country such as Germany has been able to have the policy of a minimum amount of services in the country and free preventive services in its system. This is similar to the reforms that are stated in Obama care reforms. The first state of the reforms was that which was focused on United States and Europe and it mainly entailed forming the basics for compulsory governmental-run or voluntary subsidized programs on healthcare. This was in the 1900s to the 1920s. From the time, there have been initiations that focused on the campaign on by elites more concerned with caring against attacks from awareness groups than with current deployment, and common improvers in the labor, civil rights, activist, and also from AIDS activist activities have focused more on instant and incremental changes than on changing the health care

Critically assess theories of Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Essay - 1

Critically assess theories of Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Based View in terms of their usefulness in explaining firm - Essay Example This is a theory that tries to explain why companies exist, why they outsource activities to the external environment, and why they expand.The theory argues that companies try to minimize the bureaucratic costs of exchanges within the company, and that companies try to minimize the cost of exchanging resources with the environment.In their operations, the companies therefore, analyse the bureaucratic costs of conducting in-house activities, and the costs of exchanging resources with the environment (Williamson, 2010; Boneta, Peris-Ortizb & Gil-Pechuanb, 2010; McIvor, 2009). The market and the institutions are considered different forms of coordinating, and organizing economic transactions. The firm makes a decision basing an analysis on this theory to find out an appropriate move; whether to outsource or use internal resources. If such an analysis reveals high external costs, the firm will not outsource since it will have determined that it has the capability to perform its operation s cheaply. This means the firm will grow. When the external costs are lower than the internal bureaucratic costs, it is advisable to outsource the activities to be performed in the market. Such acts lead to minimized transaction and bureaucratic costs. Using the internal bureaucratic means of operation when the cost is higher than the transaction costs in the market reduces the firm’s growth rate or intentions.... After creation of the competitive advantage, a firm is able to sustain it over longer periods of time. The firm will then be able to protect itself against resource transfer, imitation, or substitution (Revilla, Cordeiro & Sarkis, 2011; Flynn, Morita & Machuca, 2010). When firms in a specific industry are competing in a market, these respective firms must have some unique resources that improve performance more that other companies. This creates the competitive advantage of a firm. If for example a firm has a unique strategy of acquiring customers, it will beat the other firms in the market, and gain more market share. This will be its competitive advantage. Not all firms therefore, should have the same resources that give a certain firm a competitive advantage. Such a resource or resources must be difficult to duplicate or imitate through other means (Flynn, Morita & Machuca, 2010). Usefulness in Explaining Firms’ Internationalising Strategies The transaction cost economics t heory explains why firms exist, expand and outsource certain activities. Internationalising a strategy means using the same strategy internationally. A firm may have its headquarters in Atlanta, but has found ready market in various other states, and countries outside United States. If this firm analysed its strategies, and found out that using one type of strategy, or by using certain strategies, the transaction costs and the internal bureaucratic costs are minimized, it will continue to use the same strategies internationally. Specific strategies therefore, ensure a new firm exists in a region; a firm expands to certain regions and survives or outsources to survive in the market. Analysing this considering the Resource Based

China and Japan&apos;s environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China and Japan's environment - Essay Example In 2005, China was the top emitter of the greenhouse having a 16.4 percent emission rate while Japan had 3.1 percent emission rate (Jin, Dong & Chen, 2012). Historically, China and Japan has been involved in various policies in effort to reduce various forms of pollution including the Kyoto protocol that committed state parties to reducing emission of greenhouses gasses. Recently, China and Japan invested heavily in financial as well as policy resources in action to ensure that the reduction of greenhouse gas emission is achieved. The climatic change policies of both countries have been driven by domestic consideration including economic restructuring, energy demand as well as smog (Wiener, 2004). In efforts to reduce emission, both countries agreed to budget towards a low carbon society. In achieving this objective, both countries developed ample policy frameworks designed to control individual activity emissions, as well as corporate investment emissions. A low carbon society can also be developed by introducing a market-based reduction scheme such as cap and trade system, carbon taxes among others. Fundamentally, China and Japan’s environmental policies benefited public health. Various health issues are related to emission of greenhouse gas. Emission of greenhouse gas causes destruction to the Ozone layer. Destruction of the Ozone layer can cause various health issues including skin diseases, eye problems, and cancer among others. The Chinese and Japanese policy was also appealing to the general moral obligation regarding the emission of the greenhouse gas. Considering the potential differences between Japan and China in terms of their norms, there was need to join necessarily to ensure that the universe is safe from harmful gas (Wiener, 2004). One of the main challenges in addressing the problem of greenhouse gas emission is policy implementation follow up. Follow up is very

Effective Time Management Essay Example for Free

Effective Time Management Essay Through the use of modern technology, businesses have an easier way of collaboration. However, with this easier method of collaboration, this means the potential of being a busier business professional. Within a business management system, there is the constant need of needing to have effective time management within the organization. A key priority to effective time management is to identify and correct time wasters. One type of time wasters is an external environment. External time wasters are interactions that occur between two business professionals. The interactions can be between anyone outside and inside the organization, regardless of who it is within the organization (co-workers, managers, business partners, etc. ). A very common means of communication is the telephone. While telephones can be necessary for communicating, they can lead to distraction of issues that are not part of the core task or completely unnecessary (Cooper, 2000. )A key function of time management, regardless of the communication method is to make sure it affectively addresses the task of getting things done. In the case of inbound phone calls, it is imperative to thing and prioritizes as one speaks. When dealing with complex and time-consuming answers, the receiver of the inbound call should tell the caller about how the answer is complex. It is then important to determine from the caller when the receiver should call he or she back to discuss more of the complex answer. In addition it is imperative to paraphrase and summarize the key points while being on the phone. This serves two functions. One of them is that it keeps someone who either chats or strays away from important points of business communications. The second is that it focuses on establishing the key agenda for a business meeting. Another example of a common external environment distraction is email. For the busy business professional, there can be a time of literally going through hundreds of emails a day. When developing a simple and effective email reference system, it is necessary to understand the difference between reference information and action information. Reference information refers to receiving emails that are not required to complete an action. The purpose of reference information is the storing of emails that can be used later (Sapadin, 2006. ) The stored emails can either be an email folder or somewhere easily accessible (such as a documents folder, intranet site, etc. ) Action information is emails that are necessary for completing a task or project. These types of information are stored in a to-do list or a scheduled calendar. In order to effectively communicate via email, it is fundamental to have an easy method of transferring messages from the email inbox into an email reference system. Once there is a successful way of filing referenced information, emails that has an action item can be concentrated on. In addition to having an effective organizational system for email, it is necessary to schedule an uninterrupted time for processing and organizing email. When processing email, it is valuable to use the â€Å"Four Ds for Decision-Making† model. This tool is valuable for processing email and deciding if it is actionable, reference material, or not necessary. (Allen, 2001. )The 4D’s of the decision making model are deleting, doing, delegating, or defer it. With deleting, it can create the fear of deleting an email for important items. However, it is absolutely necessary to determine if the information is honestly usable for the email receiver. In order to determine if it is usable, the first step is to see if the objective is meaningful. The next step is to determine if the information is not available elsewhere. Then, it is to be determined if the information is to be used within the next six months. Finally, the last step is to determine if there is required information to keep. If the answers to all of these steps are â€Å"no,† the best action is to delete it. With the doing part of the 4D model, it is to be determined if an action can take less than two minutes. If it can, then the email receiver should simply complete the task. Delegating can yield to great help within the decision making model. If the task can take longer than two minutes and someone would be available to complete the task, it would be best to hand the message to the recipient. Let’s suppose that the email can’t involve doing, deleting or delegating it. Then, the next step would be to defer the task. Once deferring a message, it can be turned into either an actionable task or an appointment (which can be handled within an email suite such as Microsoft Outlook. ) Time wasters can also be within an internal environment. These characteristics can include procrastination, poor scheduling, and lack of self-discipline. It can also include failure to plan, set priorities, or delegate. The first step towards the right direction of internal time wasters is to set a goal. That way a destination is set in order to make the best use of time. When setting goals, they should be put in writing and reviewed frequently. From these goals, a daily â€Å"to-do† list should be used within the workplace. By referencing Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto’s 80/20 rule , 80 percent of what happens in the workplace is the result of 20 percent effort. This would mean by incorporating goals, someone can be 80 percent effective, by simply accomplishing completion for 20 percent of goals. In order to be effective, it is necessary to concentrate on the most important items first. When scheduling, a block of time should be reserved without interruption (Sandberg, 2004. ) With the power of habit, it makes accomplishing a to-do list more doable. When facing big projects, it is easier to break them into more manageable sizes. A common overlooked goal setting is to forget scheduling long-term goals. Those are also important as they relate to the health and relationship of individuals. In conclusion, sometimes saying â€Å"no† is needed when someone is overwhelmed to more jobs than he or she is committed to. References Allen, D. (2001). Getting things done: the art of stress-free productivity. New York: Viking. Cooper, C. L. , Rousseau, D. M. (2000). Time in Organizational Behaviour. Chichester: Wiley. Sandberg, Jared Though Time-Consuming, To-Do Lists Are a Way of Life. 2004, September 10) The Wall Street Journal. Sapadin, L. (2006, August 30). Time management. Washingtonpost. com. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. db24. linccweb. org/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA150674268 v=2. 1u=lincclin_spjcit=rp=AONEsw=w

Emperor Akbar And The List Of Fools English Language Essay

Emperor Akbar And The List Of Fools English Language Essay The emperor Akbar had many hobbies. He liked playing chess and flying kites; He liked listening to stories of other lands; but his favorite hobby was collecting horses, good horses. One day a horse dealer came to the palace. He had a team of horses to sell. The emperor came out and looked at the horses. They are very fine horses, said Akbar. Ill buy them. Have got any more? No sir, said the dealer. But if you give me some money, I will go to Afghanistan and buy some more. Akbar gave the horse dealer two hundred silver rupees for the team of horses, and two hundred rupees more to bring more horses from Afghanistan. He gave him the money but he did not ask him any questions. He did not ask what his name was, where he came from, or where he lived. The horse dealer took the money and went away. A few days later, Akbar asked Birbal to make a list of the ten biggest fools in India. Birbal made the list very quickly, and took it to the emperor. As Akbar began to read it, his eyes opened wide. The emperors name was at the top of the list! Whats this, Birbal? the emperor shouted. Why is my name at the top of the list? You deserve to be at the top, Birbal explained. You gave money to a stranger, and you didnt ask who he was or were he came from. Isnt that foolish? But I gave him the money to buy horses, said Akbar. When he brings me back the horses, Illà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. When he brings you the horses, Ill remove your name from the top of the list, and Ill write his name there instead, said Birbal. Then Akbar realized he had indeed been foolish. 1a) Take the story of The list of fools and write as many questions as you can think of; use as many question types as you can for each of the five levels. Obviously, you would not use all of them in one lesson. LEVEL ONE 1) What is the emperors name? Answer : his name is Akbar 2) The emperor likes to play chess? a) true b) false Answer : true 3) Did the emperor buy horses? Answer : Yes he did 4) How much did the emperor pay for the horses? Answer : the emperor paid 200 silver rupees acceptable answer : 200 silver rupees. 5) Did the emperor want to buy more horses? a) Yes b) No Answer : yes LEVEL TWO 1) How many hobbies does the emperor have? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5 Answer : 4 2) Who came to the palace? a) Birbal b) the horse dearler Answer : the horse dealer 3) What is Akbars favourite hobby? a) playing chess b) collecting horses Answer : collecting horses 4) Did Akbar as k the horse dealer his name ? Answer : no he didnt 5) What is a fool? a) someone silly b) someone intelligent Answer : someone silly LEVEL THREE 1) Where does Akbar live? Answer : he lives in India Acceptable answer : in India 2) What did Akbar ask Birbal to do? Answer : He asked to make a list of fools Acceptable answer : a list of fools 3) Where did the horse dealer say he was going? Answer : he said he was going to Afghanistan Acceptable answer : to Afghanistan 4) Did the horse dealer come back? a) yes b) no Answer : no 5) Who was on top of the list of fools? Answer : It was Akbar Acceptable answer : Akbar LEVEL FOUR 1) Name all of Akbars hobbies? Answer : playing chess, collecting horses, flying kites and listening to stories Answers may not necessarily be in this particular order 2) What is a team of horses? Answer : It is a group or a bunch of horses. 3) When did Akbar ask Birbal to make the list of fools? Answer : A few days later 4) Why was Akbar surprised by Birbals list? Answer : he was surprised because his name was at the top. Acceptable answer : his name was on the list 5) Why did Birbal write the emperors name on the list? Answer : He wrote the emperors name because the emperor gave money to a stranger without knowing his name or where he came from. Acceptable answer : He gave money to a stranger LEVEL FIVE 1) Who is wiser, Akbar or Birbal? Answer : It is Birbal 2) Why did Akbar gave another 200 silver rupees to the horse dealer? Answer : To buy another team of horses Acceptable answer : to buy more horses 3) Do you think the horse dealer will come back ? Answer : Much of this answer will depend on the students point of view. a) The most obvious would be that the horse dealer is not going to come back and that he was smarter than the emperor. b) Some students may want to answer yes, believing that the horse dealer is an honest man. 4) In your opinion, why do you think Akbar never asked the horse dealers name or where he came from? Answer : Because Akbar trusted the horse dealer 5) Why did Akbar interrupt Birbal? Answer : because Akbar was angry to see his name on the list Acceptable answer : he was angry 1b) When you have done this, decide the approximate age and level of a class of students with whom you could use the story. i) Assume you are using it for listening comprehension, and make a selection from the above say, 20 questions for oral question and answer. Give the answers that you expect from the students and which you would find acceptable. This is a class of young adults at a pre-intermediate level. The passage The list of fools is being used for listening comprehension and speaking practice. A list of twenty questions has been set. What is the emperors name? Answer : His name is Akbar Where is the emperors palace? Answer : the palace is in India What is Akbars favorite hobby ? Answer : his favorite hobby is collecting horses What kind of horses does the emperor like ? Answer : he likes fine horses. Who came to the palace? Answer : the horse dealer Did the emperor like the horses ? Answer : yes he did What makes you think the emperor liked the horses? Answer : because he wanted to buy more horses How much in total did the emperor pay the horse dealer? Answer : he paid in total 400 silver rupees Where was the horse dealer going : Answer : he was going to Afghanistan What is the horse dealers name ? Answer : it was never mentioned Do you think the horse dealer will come back ? Answer : The answer will vary according to the students, some may choose to believe the horse dealer is an honest man, while others may believe the dealer is dishonest and will not come back. Who is Birbal in the story ? Answer : he is the court adjuster, or like the Prime Minister. Why do you think the emperor never asked the horse dealer any questions? Answer : The answer will vary according to the students, some may think the emperor trusted the horse dealer, while others may believe the emperor was not very smart. What did the emperor ask Birbal to do? Answer : he asked him to make o list of the ten biggest fools in India What is a fool ? Answer : a silly person or someone who has done something silly In the story, what do you think the expression His eyes opened wide mean? Answer : It expresses the emperors surprise when he saw his name at the top of the list of fools. Explain why was the emperor surprised to see his name on the list of fools ? Answer : The answer will generate multiple answers. The main answer will be, as the emperor he should be not be included as he is the ruler of India. Who do you think is smarter? The emperor or the horse dealer? Answer : the horse dealer for taking the money. Why did the Emperor shout at Birbal? Answer : He felt insulted to be at the top of the list Why did Birbal interrupt the Emperor at the end of the story ? Answer : to make the Emperor realize that he had been foolish for trusting a total stranger with money. 1b) When you have done this, decide the approximate age and level of a class of students with whom you could use the story. Now assume you are using the story for intensive reading. Prepare a worksheet of 10 questions testing comprehension and vocabulary. (Some but not all may be similar to those in i.) Include at least 2 multiple-choice questions and two WH questions. Indicate the answers you would find acceptable. This is a class of young adults at a pre-intermediate level. The passage The list of fools is being used for intensive reading. A worksheet of ten (10) questions has been set to test the comprehension and vocabulary. What is an Emperor ? Answer : He is a man who is the ruler of an empire / a ruler, a royal leader In the sentence A team of horses, The word team can be replaced by : players group crew company Answer : b) a group of horses Where does the story take place ? Answer : the story takes place in India Find and list all the proper nouns from the story : Answer : Akbar, Birbal, Afghanistan, India What type of stories did the Emperor like ? Answer : He liked stories of other lands In the sentence Isnt that foolish? The word foolish can be replaced by : Wise Clever Silly Sensible Answer : c) silly In the sentence : He liked listening to stories of other lands What does other lands means ? Answer : It means other countries. What are hobbies ? Answer : an activity that you enjoy doing in your free time ( interest, pastime) Was the horse dealer an honest person and why ? Answer : No he was not honest because he did not come back with more horses. Why did the horse dealer come to the palace ? Answer : He came to sell horses.

The Tragic Tale of Ophelia and Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature

The Tragic Tale of Ophelia and Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The common problem of lack of communication has plagued couples since the beginning of time. The relationship Hamlet and Ophelia share in Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is no more immune to these human tendencies. Throughout the drama, many misunderstandings cloud their relationship. Unspoken problems and pressures within Ophelia’s and Hamlet’s private lives lead to overlooked, unnoticed love. For Hamlet, his bond with Ophelia pales in comparison to the weight of the les talionis obligation thrust upon his soul. Ophelia faces trouble of a different nature. Having been raised to be very obedient to her father and to let him think for her, she is coerced into pushing Hamlet away and not giving into her love. It is the very lack of communication of these personal dilemmas between Ophelia and Hamlet that ultimately leads to Ophelia’s untimely demise and brings Hamlet to the verge of hysteria. In the beginning, Ophelia is first introduced as she is being warned by her brother, Laertes. He tells her to be wary of Hamlet, for his love for her may be short-lived and she is of unequal rank to him. Shortly afterward, Ophelia’s father, Polonius, joins in the crusade, but in a more forceful way. While treating her as if she was a child, he commands her to turn Hamlet away completely. After Ophelia tells him that Hamlet has expressed affection for her, Polonius replies, "Affection! pooh! you speak like a green girl / Unsifted in such perilous circumstance" (1.4.94-95). Thus Ophelia is torn in two different directions—love for Hamlet and obedience toward her father. Since she has been trained since birth, the desires of her father push all other notions aside, and she replies as she ofte... ...e / Whose violent property fordoes itself" stating that he believed Hamlet’s obsession with Ophelia was its cause (2.2.99-100). Finally, it is plainly established as Hamlet leaps onto Ophelia’s grave and declares his love for her. Their obvious love for each other is hidden, however, under a cover called lack of communication. While the couple is torn apart by forces beyond their control, they never tell each other, which leads to misunderstandings between them. To conclude, it is the very lack of communication in a relationship that can lead to misunderstandings that can obscure otherwise tight bonds. In Hamlet, Ophelia and Hamlet are a prime example of this and how it can lead to the ultimate misunderstanding—lost love. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. England in Literature. Eds. Helen McDonnell, et al. Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1982. 136-201.   

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever. Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever.

Ending to Lamb to the salughter

1 year after Mrs. Maloney had murdered her husband. The cell of Mrs. Maloney was dark and cold covered with cobwebs and dust from the years of the past. Mrs. Maloney sat on her bed awaiting the first light of dawn through the small window of her cell. She shared this cell with another called Fran. Fran had been put into to jail for stealing two vans and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000,000. Suddenly the bell for breakfast rung. â€Å"Come on Fran wake up! Come on!† Fran sat up on here bed rubbing her eyes. â€Å"What's the time?† asked Fran, in her cockney slang voice. â€Å"Half eight exactly† replied Mrs. Maloney. â€Å"Here you go girls. The usual.† said the guard. â€Å"Don't forget what day it is today Fran!† as the guard shouted back to their cell. â€Å"I can't wait until I am out of this place for good. I have promised myself that I will never steal again.† â€Å"Good on you Fran. I am so pleased you are nearly a free women. Is there anyone you are expecting to see you?† â€Å"Yes. Now you mention it I wonder if Tony will be here this afternoon.† â€Å"Who is Tony?† â€Å"My husband. Well, if he will forgive me for stealing two vans and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000,000.† â€Å"I'm sure he will. Anyway let's dig in. We don't want to have cold food.† When Mrs. Maloney and Fran had finally eaten all of their breakfast, Fran started to pack and get ready for the outside world. As she was packing her mind was racing. What will the world look like after ten years in prison? Will it have changed? A few hours later Fran was called to go to the checking out desk. Fran had to fill out several forms and tell them where exactly she was planning to stay and a telephone number she had to call once in the morning and once in the evening. Fran started to get extremely excited. When Fran got outside there was Tony in a brand new silver Peugeot. Fran was so happy to see him after all these years. She thought he had forgotten her, but no she was wrong. Meanwhile Mrs. Maloney was to see her new cell mate. She was starting to get nervous. â€Å"Here is your cell Sheila. Now dinner will be in a few hours and there will be a bell rung. I am sure you two will get on well together.† Said the guard as he pointed towards Mrs. Maloney's cell. There was silence for some time and neither of the spoke. After some time Mrs. Maloney spoke â€Å"Hello, I am Sandra. Why are you here?† â€Å"I am here because I murdered my husband. I kept it a secret at first, but I felt as if I was haunted. I then owned up because I couldn't stop myself from going mad.† â€Å"Hey, that is what happened to me. I feel so much better here.† There was a long discussion for several hours and then the dinner bell rung. â€Å"Dinner time.† Said Mrs. Maloney. â€Å"Great I am starving. I thought that jail would be horrid and I would have this horrible cell mate, but I think you are the nicest person I have ever met.†

Facilitate the Counselling Process Assessment Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. Name two signs you would look for to let you know Vara is ready to end counselling. Two signs I would look for to let me know that Vara is ready to end counselling are, firstly, if Vara is sounding a lot more confident and she looks a lot happier, then she probably is. Secondly, if Vara started to run out of issues to raise and discuss in counselling. I would be able to recognise that Vara is ready to end counselling. 2. Briefly describe how you would support Vara’s sense of autonomy. I would support Vara’s sense of autonomy by, acknowledging and helping her to recognise, her achievements since beginning with counselling. I would summarise these achievements for Vara. Vara has spoken to her husband Alec, and made him aware of her feelings. This is something she found quite difficult to do in the past. Since Vara communicated her feelings of ‘being fed up and wanting to end the marriage’, Vara and Alec have decided to trial a three month separation. In speaking up for herself she has generated real change in her life. Both Vara and her husband Alec, are looking into the possibility of seeing a marriage counsellor. In seeking this kind of counselling she is showing strength of character, she is looking for solutions and not just running away from her problems. She has the friendship and support of Julie and is trying to increase her work hours as a translator. I would acknowledge that it was Vara that made these changes in her life, not me. This will empower Vara with the confidence to know that she is a strong and capable women who can stand up for herself. 3. Briefly describe how you would inform her about opportunities for further support. I would inform Vara about opportunities for further support, by communicating to her that although our counselling sessions will be coming to an end, she is always able to reconnect with me, if she feels the need. Vara has indicated that she and her husband are interested in pursuing marriage counselling. I could provide Vara with some contacts for marriage counselling in her local area. Or, if she felt more comfortable, I could arrange a referral for her to a marriage counsellor that I think would be a good match for her. 4. Briefly describe three key steps to assist the process of ending the counselling process with this client. I would start this process a few sessions before the final counselling appointment. Firstly, I would encourage Vara to express any concerns she may have in regards to managing on her own without the support of the counselling relationship. I would be encouraging Vara to express her feelings about ending the counselling relationship. This will give Vara an opportunity to reflect and prepare for ending the counselling sessions. I would set the final appointment sometime in the future, so that Vara can have time to adjust to the thought of managing on her own. Secondly, I would plan with Vara to have a longer interval between our appointments, so that Vara can try out coping with her issues on her own. This will enable Vara to discuss any lingering issues that may need some attention before ending the counselling relationship. Lastly I would summarise for Vara the progress she has made, and acknowledge all the accomplishments she has made. She is now a stronger more capable women, who can stand up for herself and take care of herself. I would make sure that Vara knows that I have an open door policy, and that if she ever felt the need to reconnect with me, I would be happy to see her again. 5. Give an example of what you might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure the underlying issues are managed. An example of what I might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure any underlying issues are managed is, ‘Vara can you describe for me some of the strategies you have been using to help bring about the changes you have made’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has implemented these changes, and will reinforce the fact that it was Vara who has facilitated these changes, not me. I would also say ‘what do you think could be some coping skills you could use if these issues start to come up again’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has coped with these issues in the past, and to list some coping strategies that work best for her and her situation. Again this will reinforce the fact that Vara is the one who is coping with her situation, not me. I would also say ‘can you tell me again, what some of your underlying issues have been’. This will help Vara identify what the core issues are, and will make it easier for her to recognise if these issues come up again, so that she is ready to deal with them. 6. Provide an example of one of your session client notes. Client session notes. Clients Name: Vara Clients Age: 56 Date of session: 20/11/14 Session # 8 Session Duration: 60 minutes Others present: Nil Status of session: Kept Location: Office Information given by client: Vara is a 56 year old Polish immigrant. Came to Australia 25 years ago. She has raised 3 children who have all left home. Feeling very unhappy and ‘trapped’ in her marriage. Husband is ‘traditional’ male, who controls finances and has a ferocious temper. She has been secretly working and saving money. She wants to live her own life, but fearful of how she will cope on her own. She still loves her husband Alec. Summary of client’s issues: Vara has spoken to Alec and they have agreed to a 3 month trial separation, they are looking into marriage counselling. I have offered her a list of marriage counsellors in her area and offered a referral if preferred. Vara will be living with her friend Julie during her separation, and will be seeking more work hours as a translator. Notes of counsellor: I feel that Vara has made enormous progress in counselling, and believe that at this point she would benefit from marriage counselling. I have agreed to see her again if she feels the need arises.